NPL Explorer surfaces FDIC-insured banks showing signs of loan distress — high Texas Ratio, rising non-performing loans, and OREO accumulation — using quarterly FDIC call-report data, so note investors can source distressed debt before the market does.
50 institutions showed capital levels below peer medians in Q4 2025, with BYKOTA in NY deviating +26.0pp below its peer group, followed by WEDEVELOPMENT in MO at +24.3pp below and FIRST&PEOPLES BANK&TRUST CO in KY at +17.6pp below.
BYKOTA · NY
WEDEVELOPMENT · MO
FIRST&PEOPLES BANK&TRUST CO · KY
Banks (FDIC-insured) raise the capital-pressure flag when Tier 1 leverage ratio drops below 5% OR total risk-based capital ratio drops below 10%. Credit unions (NCUA-chartered) raise the flag when the net worth ratio drops below 7% (PCA "adequately capitalized" floor). Within flagged institutions, we sub-rank by deviation from the size-cohort peer median nonperforming-loan ratio. For banks: Tier 1 leverage ratio — FDIC BankFind Suite financials endpoint RBC1AAJ; total risk-based capital ratio — FDIC BankFind RBCRWAJ. Capital ratios remain BankFind-canonical (no CDR-direct override for these in Plan 5). Peer-deviation denominator (nonperforming-loan ratio) numerator — FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N line 9, 90+ days past due col B (RCFD1407 / RCON1407) plus nonaccrual col C (RCFD1403 / RCON1403). Denominator — Schedule RC-C line 12 total loans (RCFD2122 / RCON2122). For credit unions: net worth ratio — NCUA ACCT_998 (stored in percent units after normalization). Peer-deviation denominator (60+ delinquent ratio) — NCUA ACCT_041B divided by total loans ACCT_025B. Cross-type comparability: the capital-pressure flag uses different regulatory thresholds for banks (Tier 1 / total RBC) vs CUs (net worth ratio). The peer-deviation sub-rank also compares LCD-approximated nonperforming ratios across the two regimes — bank "non-current" (90+ past due or nonaccrual) and CU "60+ delinquent" are LCD approximations, not equivalents. Methodology updated 2026-03-31: bank peer-deviation denominators now source nonperforming volume directly from FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N rather than a BankFind ratio-derived approximation. The capital-ratio flag thresholds (5%, 10%, 7%) are unchanged. Read the methodology update note at /blog/npl-explorer-fdic-cdr-direct-sourcing.
In Q4 2025, 50 institutions reported Commercial & industrial charge-offs.
STATE EXCHANGE BANK · OK
NANO BANC · CA
FARMERS STATE BANK · KS
This card ranks banks whose trailing two-year trend slope of category-specific year-to-date charge-off ratio meets or exceeds 0.001 per quarter (approximately 0.4 percentage points per year of rising charge-off velocity). The ratio is computed inline as charge_off_volume_ytd divided by loan_balance per (institution, quarter, category). The slope is then computed via Postgres regr_slope() over up to eight quarter-end observations within the trailing two-year window (t in quarter units; y = decimal charge-off ratio). Banks with fewer than two observations are excluded by regr_slope null-handling. Field sources: FFIEC Call Report Schedule RI-B Part I per-category charge-off codes (RIAD4635 family at the institution-total level; RIADC234, RIADC235, RIAD5411, RIAD3588, RIADC895, RIADC897, RIADC891, RIADC893, RIAD4638, RIADB514 / RIADK129 / RIADK205 for individual leaves; all pinned in lib/call-report/cdr-fields.js). Per-category charge-off volume is stored in call_report_metrics_by_category.charge_off_volume_ytd with source='fdic_cdr'; loan_balance in the same row provides the denominator. Acceleration in charge-offs typically precedes nonperforming-loan ratio spikes by one to three quarters; this card surfaces the leading-edge signal. Categories below ten qualifying banks per quarter render no landing (compute-cards skips snapshot generation; route returns 404 per spec § Empty-category filter).
In Q4 2025, three institutions showed nonperforming loan rates far above their peer cohort median of 0.71%: ALLOY EMPLOYEES in WI reached 69.11%, MT ZION WOODLAWN in OH hit 45.82%, and NRS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT in AL posted 43.46%, representing deviations of +68.40pp, +45.12pp, and +42.75pp respectively.
ALLOY EMPLOYEES · WI
MT ZION WOODLAWN · OH
NRS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT · AL
We rank institutions whose nonperforming-loan ratio meets or exceeds 2× their size-cohort peer median. For each institution we compare nonperforming_pct_total against peer_median_nonperforming_pct (the median nonperforming ratio across all active institutions in the same size cohort and quarter) and require the institution's ratio to be greater than or equal to the multiple (thresholds.peerMultiple = 2) times the peer median. Results are sorted by peer_deviation_nonperforming_pct (institution minus peer median) in descending order, so the largest absolute outliers float to the top of the list. For banks (FDIC-insured): non-current loans — FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N line 9, 90+ days past due col B (RCFD1407 / RCON1407) plus nonaccrual col C (RCFD1403 / RCON1403); total loans denominator — Schedule RC-C line 12 (RCFD2122 / RCON2122). For credit unions: 60+ days delinquent — NCUA ACCT_041B (direct aggregate); total loans denominator — NCUA ACCT_025B. Size cohorts and peer medians are computed during the per-quarter normalize step. Cross-type comparability: bank "non-current" and CU "60+ delinquent" are LCD approximations, not equivalents. Methodology updated 2026-03-31: bank non-current loan volumes now source directly from FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N. Prior quarters used a BankFind ratio-derived approximation, which means today's peer-deviation rankings reflect a more precise denominator on the bank side. Read the methodology update note at /blog/npl-explorer-fdic-cdr-direct-sourcing.
Over the 24-month lookback period ending Q4 2025, 50 acquisitions were completed or announced.
CAPITAL ONE NATIONAL ASSN · VA
HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK · OH
PINNACLE BANK · TN
This card ranks active banks that absorbed another institution within the last 24 months (lookback window: 24 months from the most recent FDIC closures sweep) by the inherited nonperforming loan volume — the acquired bank's last reported nonperforming loan dollar figure prior to close (FDIC Call Report, nonperforming volume = sum of 90+ days past due and nonaccrual balances). The closure data comes from FDIC BankFind /banks/institutions (ACTIVE=0 with ENDEFYMD in the window); closure types include mergers (FDIC change codes 220-229), voluntary liquidations (230-249), and failures (410-419). Acquirer linkage is resolved via NEWCERT (immediate successor) and ULTCERT (ultimate holding successor). An acquirer inherits the seller's full loan portfolio at close — including loans that fall outside the acquirer's own underwriting box. Within 12-24 months, those inherited loans often surface as forced NPL sales as the acquirer rationalizes the book. Ranking by inherited nonperforming volume surfaces the acquirers most likely to liquidate distressed inventory in the near term.
In Q4 2025, three institutions showed nonperforming loan rates far above their peer cohort median of 0.71%: ALLOY EMPLOYEES in WI reached 69.11%, MT ZION WOODLAWN in OH hit 45.82%, and NRS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT in AL posted 43.46%, representing deviations of +68.40pp, +45.12pp, and +42.75pp respectively.
ALLOY EMPLOYEES · WI
MT ZION WOODLAWN · OH
NRS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT · AL
We rank institutions whose nonperforming-loan ratio meets or exceeds 2× their size-cohort peer median. For each institution we compare nonperforming_pct_total against peer_median_nonperforming_pct (the median nonperforming ratio across all active institutions in the same size cohort and quarter) and require the institution's ratio to be greater than or equal to the multiple (thresholds.peerMultiple = 2) times the peer median. Results are sorted by peer_deviation_nonperforming_pct (institution minus peer median) in descending order, so the largest absolute outliers float to the top of the list. For banks (FDIC-insured): non-current loans — FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N line 9, 90+ days past due col B (RCFD1407 / RCON1407) plus nonaccrual col C (RCFD1403 / RCON1403); total loans denominator — Schedule RC-C line 12 (RCFD2122 / RCON2122). For credit unions: 60+ days delinquent — NCUA ACCT_041B (direct aggregate); total loans denominator — NCUA ACCT_025B. Size cohorts and peer medians are computed during the per-quarter normalize step. Cross-type comparability: bank "non-current" and CU "60+ delinquent" are LCD approximations, not equivalents. Methodology updated 2026-03-31: bank non-current loan volumes now source directly from FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N. Prior quarters used a BankFind ratio-derived approximation, which means today's peer-deviation rankings reflect a more precise denominator on the bank side. Read the methodology update note at /blog/npl-explorer-fdic-cdr-direct-sourcing.
This card ranks banks by absolute non-performing loan volume per CDR leaf category, sorted descending, top 50. No minimum-dollar threshold is applied — the per-category leaderboards naturally surface the largest banks in each segment. Field source: FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N per-category nonaccrual + 90-days-past-due dollar columns (pinned in lib/call-report/cdr-fields.js). Stored in call_report_metrics_by_category.nonperforming_volume with source='fdic_cdr'. Sibling card charge-off-velocity surfaces the leading-edge rate of deterioration; this card surfaces the absolute concentration of stock.
50 institutions reported loan modifications exceeding 2% of total loans in Q4 2025.
YOUNG AMERICANS BANK · CO
CITY NB OF SAN SABA · TX
UNITED BANK OF PHILADELPHIA · PA
This card ranks banks whose loan-modification (LMD) balance, divided by total loans, meets or exceeds 0.02 (2%) and surfaces the top 50 by absolute share. Field source: FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-C Part I Memorandum 1.g (sum of M1.a-M1.f — loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty modified under the CECL framework). Stored in call_report_bank_specifics.loan_modifications_distressed_balance after normalize-cdr.js. Denominator is total loans from call_report_metrics_quarterly.total_loans. TDR-to-LMD transition disclaimer: pre-2023-Q4 quarters reported "troubled debt restructurings" (TDRs) under the legacy framework. CECL adoption (FASB ASU 2022-02, effective for fiscal years beginning after Dec 15, 2022 — i.e. 2023-Q4 onward for most filers) replaced TDR designation with the broader LMD concept. Quarters before 2023-Q4 will show systematically lower LMD balances because the legacy TDR concept covered a narrower population — direct quarter-over-quarter comparison across that boundary is not apples-to-apples.
In Q4 2025, 50 institutions reported Commercial & industrial charge-offs.
STATE EXCHANGE BANK · OK
NANO BANC · CA
FARMERS STATE BANK · KS
This card ranks banks whose trailing two-year trend slope of category-specific year-to-date charge-off ratio meets or exceeds 0.001 per quarter (approximately 0.4 percentage points per year of rising charge-off velocity). The ratio is computed inline as charge_off_volume_ytd divided by loan_balance per (institution, quarter, category). The slope is then computed via Postgres regr_slope() over up to eight quarter-end observations within the trailing two-year window (t in quarter units; y = decimal charge-off ratio). Banks with fewer than two observations are excluded by regr_slope null-handling. Field sources: FFIEC Call Report Schedule RI-B Part I per-category charge-off codes (RIAD4635 family at the institution-total level; RIADC234, RIADC235, RIAD5411, RIAD3588, RIADC895, RIADC897, RIADC891, RIADC893, RIAD4638, RIADB514 / RIADK129 / RIADK205 for individual leaves; all pinned in lib/call-report/cdr-fields.js). Per-category charge-off volume is stored in call_report_metrics_by_category.charge_off_volume_ytd with source='fdic_cdr'; loan_balance in the same row provides the denominator. Acceleration in charge-offs typically precedes nonperforming-loan ratio spikes by one to three quarters; this card surfaces the leading-edge signal. Categories below ten qualifying banks per quarter render no landing (compute-cards skips snapshot generation; route returns 404 per spec § Empty-category filter).
50 institutions showed capital levels below peer medians in Q4 2025, with BYKOTA in NY deviating +26.0pp below its peer group, followed by WEDEVELOPMENT in MO at +24.3pp below and FIRST&PEOPLES BANK&TRUST CO in KY at +17.6pp below.
BYKOTA · NY
WEDEVELOPMENT · MO
FIRST&PEOPLES BANK&TRUST CO · KY
Banks (FDIC-insured) raise the capital-pressure flag when Tier 1 leverage ratio drops below 5% OR total risk-based capital ratio drops below 10%. Credit unions (NCUA-chartered) raise the flag when the net worth ratio drops below 7% (PCA "adequately capitalized" floor). Within flagged institutions, we sub-rank by deviation from the size-cohort peer median nonperforming-loan ratio. For banks: Tier 1 leverage ratio — FDIC BankFind Suite financials endpoint RBC1AAJ; total risk-based capital ratio — FDIC BankFind RBCRWAJ. Capital ratios remain BankFind-canonical (no CDR-direct override for these in Plan 5). Peer-deviation denominator (nonperforming-loan ratio) numerator — FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N line 9, 90+ days past due col B (RCFD1407 / RCON1407) plus nonaccrual col C (RCFD1403 / RCON1403). Denominator — Schedule RC-C line 12 total loans (RCFD2122 / RCON2122). For credit unions: net worth ratio — NCUA ACCT_998 (stored in percent units after normalization). Peer-deviation denominator (60+ delinquent ratio) — NCUA ACCT_041B divided by total loans ACCT_025B. Cross-type comparability: the capital-pressure flag uses different regulatory thresholds for banks (Tier 1 / total RBC) vs CUs (net worth ratio). The peer-deviation sub-rank also compares LCD-approximated nonperforming ratios across the two regimes — bank "non-current" (90+ past due or nonaccrual) and CU "60+ delinquent" are LCD approximations, not equivalents. Methodology updated 2026-03-31: bank peer-deviation denominators now source nonperforming volume directly from FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-N rather than a BankFind ratio-derived approximation. The capital-ratio flag thresholds (5%, 10%, 7%) are unchanged. Read the methodology update note at /blog/npl-explorer-fdic-cdr-direct-sourcing.
In Q4 2025, 50 institutions reported increases in other real estate owned (OREO).
FIRSTIER BANK · NE
COWBOY STATE BANK · WY
DRAKE BANK · MN
Other Real Estate Owned (OREO) is property an institution has taken onto its balance sheet through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu, held pending sale. A rising OREO balance is a back-of-cycle stress signal — workouts that have completed the foreclosure pipeline and converted into property the institution must now dispose of. This card ranks institutions across both banks and credit unions by the quarter-over-quarter change in the OREO-to-total-assets ratio (oreo_qoq_delta_pct), surfacing the top 50 with a delta that meets or exceeds 0.001 (a 0.1 percentage-point QoQ increase in the OREO share of total assets). For banks (FDIC-insured): OREO — FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-M item 3f (RCON2150 — RC-M items are RCON-only); total assets denominator — Schedule RC (RCFD2170 / RCON2170). For credit unions: foreclosed real estate (CU OREO equivalent) — NCUA ACCT_798; total assets denominator — NCUA ACCT_010. Cross-type comparability: bank OREO and CU foreclosed real estate (ACCT_798) are broadly analogous — both capture post-foreclosure real-estate inventory — but bank Schedule RC-M item 3f additionally bundles ex-bank-premises and other repossessed real estate that CU reporting tracks in separate accounts. Treat per-quarter QoQ deltas as comparable; cross-sectional totals remain LCD approximations. Methodology updated 2026-03-31: bank OREO balances now source directly from FFIEC Call Report Schedule RC-M item 3f (RCON2150). Prior quarters used the FDIC BankFind Suite financials endpoint ORE field family. The two should agree within tolerance; this update reflects the source-of-truth change, not a value-change in the underlying filing. Read the methodology update note at /blog/npl-explorer-fdic-cdr-direct-sourcing.
Texas Ratio = (non-performing assets + OREO) ÷ (tangible common equity + loan-loss reserves); a ratio approaching 100% signals capital stress. (FDIC call reports expose no separate tangible-common-equity line, so total equity plus reserves is used as a proxy.)Non-performing loans % = (nonaccrual + 90-days-past-due loans) ÷ total loans. Charge-off ratio = net charge-offs ÷ average loans.
Figures are derived from quarterly FDIC call reports and FFIEC Central Data Repository filings — public-domain U.S. Government data. Methodology maintained by Robert Hytha, mortgage-note investor since 2011.
Frequently asked questions
What is a non-performing loan?
A non-performing loan (NPL) is a loan whose borrower has stopped making scheduled payments — typically 90 or more days past due, or on nonaccrual status. Banks carrying rising NPLs often sell them at a discount to recover capital, which is where note investors source distressed debt.
How do I find banks selling distressed debt?
Start with the institutions showing the most loan distress — a high Texas Ratio, rising non-performing loans, and growing other real-estate-owned (OREO). NPL Explorer ranks every FDIC-insured bank on these quarterly call-report signals so you can identify likely sellers before they come to market.
Where does this data come from, and how current is it?
Every metric is derived from quarterly FDIC call reports and FFIEC Central Data Repository filings — the same regulatory data banks are required to file. NPL Explorer refreshes each quarter; the figures shown reflect the most recently completed reporting quarter.
